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URBAN
ECONOMY | Urban Development Finance
This cluster looks into
macro-economic development and finance; including new analyses
of relationships between urban economic growth and urban
poverty, new assessments of urban competitiveness, and new
guidelines for urban development strategies, urban taxation
and financial improvements.
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local level
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Stein, Alfredo (2001) - Participation and sustainability
in social projects; the experience of the Local Development
Programme (PRODEL) in Nicaragua - Working Paper no.
3 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas - IIED [pdf]
Nicaragua: This paper describes the work
of PRODEL in eight cities in Nicaragua where it provided
small grants for infrastructure and community works projects
and loans for housing improvement and micro-enterprises,
targeted at low-income groups. The external funds provided
by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
(Sida) were matched by municipal, community and household
contributions.
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city level
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Díaz, Andrés Cabanas; Emma Grant; Paula Irene
del Cid Vargas & Verónica Sajbin Velásquez
(2001) - "The role of external agencies in the development
of El Mezquital in Guatemala City" - Environment
and Urbanization, Vol 13 No 1 - IIED [pdf]
Guatemala - This paper describes and discusses
the role of different international agencies (including
UNICEF and the World Bank) and NGOs in supporting development
in El Mezquital, a settlement formed from a land invasion
in Guatemala City the mid-1980s. It draws on interviews
with the inhabitants and with staff from supporting agencies.
The support from these international agencies and NGOs allowed
considerable improvements in infrastructure and service
provision, and supported important processes of community
empowerment and greater status and possibilities for women.
However, the paper also describes the limitations of this
support, including the limited scope for participation,
the projects that were planned and never implemented and
the problems that the international support failed to resolve.
It also describes the resentment from groups within the
community with regard to what was achieved.
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Campbel, Tim (1998) - City Development Options for Haiphon-Charting
a Path to the Year 2020 - World Bank [pdf]
Vietnam - This document analyzes the city
of Haiphong, Vietnam, using the five step local economic
development strategy approach. The Haiphong project has
a LED strategy that aims to increase the city’s economic
position, livability, bankability and manageability. This
case study analysis is based on three strategic city development
documents and is referenced below.
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Grimm, Michael; Charlotte Guenard & Sandrine Mesple-Somps
(2001) - What has happened to the urban population in
Côte d'Ivoire since the eighties? An analysis of monetary
poverty and deprivation over 15 years of household data
- DIAL [pdf]
Ivory Coast - This article investigates
the evolution of urban poverty in its various dimensions
in Côte d'Ivoire since the 1980s. The robustness of
the results is checked using dominance criteria. An econometric
analysis of poverty complements the analysis. The study
shows that the dynamic of poverty in terms of existence
conditions can significantly differ from that of monetary
poverty. As was the case in the 1980s, monetary poverty
increased strongly in the 1990s in spite of a return to
sustained growth following the devaluation of the CFA Franc.
Poverty in terms of existence conditions rose less before
the adjustment and even decreased afterwards.
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Huybrechts, Eric (1999) - Rebuilding Lebanon : Role
of Multilateral And Bilateral Organization on Urban Management
- March 1999 ESF/N-AERUS Workshop [pdf]
Lebanon - The civil war in Lebanon stopped
at the end of 1990. Rebuilding Lebanon is showing how urban
management is changing with the reemergence of public institution
in relation with civil and private sectors. In reality,
approaches on urban management are really different in this
country than those proposed by international organization,
although Lebanese people has a permanent and traditional
hearing on the international scene [1]. Are these main
differences the reasons of the weak impact of their orientation
on urban management?
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Poverty Eradication and Living Environment
Improvement in Zhulin - UN-Habitat / Best Practice
[pdf]
China - Zhulin is a town with a population
of 10,000 inhabitants located in the mountainous region
of Henan province. Starting in 1985, the town embarked on
a programme to eliminate poverty through economic development
and the improvement of the living environment.These improvements
were recognized in 2001 when Zhulin town won the first "China
Human Settlements and Environment Award".
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Bandarharjo Housing, Urban Renewal
And Community Development project - UN-Habitat / Best
Practice [pdf]
Indonesia - Bandarharjo village is located
in the north of Semarang regency, where the rejuvenating
target area involves a population of 19.000 inhabitants
with a planned area width of 53 Ha. Bandarharjo Housing,
Urban Renewal and Community Development in general has the
following development goal: Poverty reduction through the
development of community housing asset, economic asset and
socio-cultural asset (TRI BINA); and Urban slum elimination.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Urban Infrastructure and Local Finance
Development, Quezon City (MDP) - UN-Habitat / Best
Practice [pdf]
Philippines - The series of Municipal
Development Projects (MDPs) in the Philippines showcase
a number of "success and best practice initiatives"
in different fields, notably: urban infrastructure, local
finance, central-local partnership, local autonomy/decentralization,
economic development, integrated approach to project development
and capacity building.
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Wellenstein, Anna (1999) - Spatial Analyasis of public
investement flows in urban Argentina: an approach to evaluating
urban poverty and inequality - World Bank [pdf]
Argentina - This document will review
the methodologies applied in Argentina in order to assess
their possible application in other World Bank operations
in the region. The document briefly presents major characteristics
of urban areas in Argentina followed by an introduction
to various poverty studies underway. The methodologies employed
are then presented, as well as recommendations for future
applications. Finally, the importance of spatial analysis
of poverty and infrastructure investments, and suggestions
for further research are discussed.
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international level
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Allou, Serge (1999) - Combating poverty and negotiated
urban management: one practitioner's viewpoint - March
1999 ESF/N-AERUS Workshop [pdf]
Programmes to combat poverty today figure significantly
amongst the approaches used by multilateral aid bodies active
in the urban areas of the countries of the South. Strictly
speaking, a practitioner called upon to assist in the implementation
of such programmes is concerned not so much with considering
why they exist (although he or she may have some ideas on
the underlying reasons for them), but rather with contributing
to how they unfold, in other words considering the manner
in which they should be conducted.
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Dillinger, William (1995 ) -Urban Property Tax Reform:
Guidelines and Recommendations - Urban Management Program
/ World Bank [pdf]
The property tax is a potentially attractive means of financing
municipal government in developing countries. As a revenue
source, it can provide local government with access to a
broad and expanding tax base. At present, however, yields
of urban property taxes in developing countries are extremely
low. In part, these low yields reflect failures in the administration
of the tax. Procedural improvements alone, however, are
unlikely to have a significant, sustained impact on property
tax yields. This suggests that the scope of reform must
be expanded to address the systems for rate setting and
revaluation, and the incentives confronting administrators
of the tax.
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Kessides, Christine (2000) - Strategizing for the Future
in the Four ECA Cities: Budapest, St. Petersburg, Sofia
and Split - World Bank / INFUD [pdf]
Eastern Europe: The present paper is a
component of an overview study prepared for the 2000 World
Bank/IMF Annual Meetings, entitled "Urban Policy in
Transition Economics: its Role in Poverty Alleviation and
Sustainable Growth". The thesis of this overview study
is that socialism has left three significant urban legacies
in these countries which are highly relevant to policies
for the future social and economic dvelopment.
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Satterthwaite, David (2001) - "Reducing urban poverty:
constraints on the effectiveness of aid agencies and development
banks and some suggestions for change" - Environment
and Urbanization, Vol 13 No 1, April 2001 - IIED [pdf]
This paper discusses the institutional constraints that
aid agencies and development banks face in being able to
address urban poverty. These include their limited capacity
to support local institutions that respond to the needs
and priorities of low-income groups and that are accountable
to them. It describes the distance between the decision-making
processes of most international agencies and the 'urban
poor', and the very limited possibilities for the urban
poor to influence what gets funded and by whom. It also
discusses the political constraints that have inhibited
more effective donor agencies and suggests how support for
locally based funds for community initiatives could help
overcome some of these. It ends by describing the low priority
given by donor agencies to urban poverty reduction and suggests
some changes that would help development assistance to meet
its targets for reducing urban poverty.
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Webster, Douglas & Larissa Muller (2000 ) - Urban
Competitiveness Assessment in Developing Country Urban Regions:
The Road Forward - INFUD / World Bank. [pdf]
The key reason for increasing urban competitiveness is
to raise the standard of living for people who live in the
urban areas. By increasing the economic productivity of
an area and marketing its most productive goods and services,
the community can develop and grow at its greatest potential.
Economic investment, well targeted and strategically focused,
is a proven method for improving the vitality of a community.
Given that strong export economies make the city more competitive,
it is beneficial for the city to support the export economy
of the city. Moreover, if a city increases its competitiveness,
the standard of living for the people in the urban region
will rise.
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Documents highlighting DFID's published
work in support of urban economics in urban areas.
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Amis, Philip (1999 )- Urban Economic Growth and
Poverty Reduction - University of Birmingham
- DFID
This paper is concerned with exploring the relationship
between urban economic
growth and poverty reduction. Its core objective is
to try to identify what room for manoeuvre municipal
government has in terms of either facilitating a process
of “trickle down” or mitigating the worst
effects of economic decline on poor
households. [pdf] |
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