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URBAN
INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES & MANAGEMENT | basic infrastructure
Efforts to promote public-private-community
partnerships for urban service delivery include appropriate
operation and maintenance protocols, financial and service
guidelines, subsidy and profitability sharing, and community
capacity building in provision of basic water, sanitation,
waste disposal, electricity and energy sectors. |
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local level
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Bhatt, Mihir R (1999) - Assessing the Performance of
Municipal Services for the Poor in Ahmedabad: The Report
Card Project - Working Paper N° 103 - DPU [pdf]
India - Though India has a strong tradition
of urban planning and analysis, the assessment of the performance
of urban plans and services has received less attention.
Even plans and initiatives that are widely welcomed at the
outset are frequently undermined when their performance
is perceived to be limited. Even when performance is measured,
assessments are often characterised by being isolated and
limited, attracting attention to one-off problems such as
a leaking sewer, low water pressure, or flickering street
lights. City-wide, systematic and organised rating on a
defined scale is generally not done either by municipalities,
NGOs, or community groups.
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Burra, Sundar & Liz Riley (1999) - Electricity to
Pavement Dwellers in Mumbai - SPARC - Working Paper
N° 97 - DPU [pdf]
India - Water has to be purchased from
markets or collected and brought to the home, and thus pavement
dwellers tend to spend more money and time getting water
than either slum residents or their wealthier neighbours
who are supplied by the municipal authorities. The situation
with respect to sanitation is similar, with pavement dwellers
only having access to pay-and-use toilets, if any at all.
With regard to electricity, this situation was also true
until recently, with pavement dwellers unable to obtain
electricity from BEST. Instead those that did have electricity
were dependent upon illegal supplies, often obtained through
middlemen at great expense, though an estimated 80 per cent
of pavement dwellers had no electricity at all. The BEST
policy with respect to pavement dwellers was thus to fine
them for the illegal theft of electricity and to cut their
connections. Despite recognising that such a policy could
never stop the illegal theft of electricity by pavement
dwellers, BEST failed to change its approach. In contrast,
the company began in the 1970s to allow the slum settlements
of Mumbai to receive legal BEST supplies for the first time.
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Burra, Sundar (n.d) - Slum Sanitation in Pune
A Case Study - SPARC [pdf]
India - This case study looks at a major
experiment carried out in Pune city, the educational and
cultural capital of the State of Maharashtra. Pune is 120
miles away from Mumbai and about 40%of its population live
in slums. About two years ago, a new Municipal Commissioner,
Ratnakar Gaikwad, was appointed and he began a massive programme
of building toilets in slums through community participation
by giving contracts to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).
The case study seeks to describe the way in which the programme
was implemented and draw lessons for urban governance.
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Patel, Sheela (1999) - The view from below: Access for
the urban poor to basic amenities and services - SPARC
[pdf]
India - This paper attempts to bring to
the discussion a view from “below” . By that
we mean to bring into a national and international dialogue
about basic amenities and service delivery to cities ….
views about these issues which come from communities of
the poor themselves. It is our hope that over the years
the space created for such a view will create fora where
community representatives can come to such meetings and
say what their constituencies believe in and want without
having to posture as paperwriters and present academically
oriented papers. Such “gates” exclude the poor
and create conditions for consultants and NGOs and others
who can write papers and present them to make a representation
on their behalf. In the absence of that option we take the
next best solution: to come to this discussion with a experience-based
perspective, which neither exaggerates what we know nor
modestly belittles what this movement of the urban poor
represents as a critical stakeholder in this discussion.
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Sharma, Kalpana (n.d) - Waiting for Water: The experience
of poor communities in Bombay - SPARC [pdf]
India - Water is a scarce commodity, getting
scarcer each year. The problem is not just the quantity
of water available but the basis on which distribution networks
are worked out. In most cities in
the Third World, distribution networks have been grossly
outstripped by the growth in numbers. Neither the quantity
of water available, nor the way in which it is supplied,
is adequate for the residents of these cities. The people
who bear the brunt of this, however, are the poor. Living
in overcrowded shanty towns they are not supplied an assured
or clean supply of water. They end up having to either buy
water or steal it. The price they pay for this water, the
daily struggle it entails and the cost of ill-health in
such communities due to lack of clean water need to be factored
into any planning for water supply and distribution in a
large city in a poor country.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Pace Setter Organic
Fertilizer Project, Ibadan - [pdf]
Nigeria - Pace Setter organic Fertilizer
Project is conceptually a "Waste-to-Wealth" initiative
of solid waste management, i.e. waste recycling and reuse.
It was necessitated as a result of enormous solid wastes
generated by the densely populated Bodija market in the
heart of Ibadan, considered to be the second largest city
in Africa. Various types of farm produce, stationery, hides
and skins, cans and bottled foods, building materials, clothes
and clothing materials etc are also sold in the market.
As a result of the variety of items sold at the market and
the population density, a mean value of 0.6kg of waste is
generated per person per day at the market.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice -Relocation of Backyard
Tenants, Walvis Bay [pdf]
Namibia - Overcrowding in the traditional
black suburb of Kuisebmond (a legacy of apartheid) in Walvis
Bay resulted in mounting pressure on urban and social infrastructures.
The problems associated with this phenomenon reached an
acute stage between the mid-90s and 2001. Some of the major
problems included an overflowing sewer system, rapid spread
of diseases such as Tuberculosis, and fire hazards. Of particular
concern was the mushrooming of informal housing structures
(shacks) made of nontraditional building materials in backyards.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice -Effective Solid Waste
and Land management in Tangerang City [pdf]
Indonesia - Solid waste disposal in Final
Disposal Site (FDS) Rawakucing area, Neglasari district,
Tangerang city, had been done for eight years, with total
accumulation amount of solid waste 2,049,600,000 kg. Heaps
of solid waste and an insufficient sanitation system caused
the environmental pollution and resulted in community suffering
for the nearby 561 people living in Kedaung Baru area. Poverty,
slums, poor human resource quality, poor health and economic
level, scrapping the solid waste and drinking polluted water,
are their daily life.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice -Subang Jaya Municipal
Council Community Recycling Centre [pdf]
Malaysia - Subang Jaya Municipal Council
was formed in January 1997. It covers an area of 161.8 sq.
kilometers with a population of over 450,000 people. A few
months after it was formed, a recycling program was launched
with the objective of creating awareness among the people
on the need to reduce waste and sustain the environment.
With this in mind, Subang Jaya Municipal Council embarked
on a plan that requires a new system of participation from
the three sectors of the society namely the community, the
government and the private sector. Amongst the participants
in the program are included several schools within the municipality,
Residents Associations, Neighbourhood Watch Group, waste
collection companies, NGOs like TrEES (Treat Every Environment
Special Sdn Bhd) and several government deparments.
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Zaidi, Akbar (2001) - From the Lane to the City: The
Impact of the Orangi Pilot Project’s Low Cost Sanitation
Model - WaterAid [pdf]
Pakistan - In 1994, WaterAid started a
relationship with one of Pakistan’s most influential
non-governmental organisations (NGO) and perhaps the world’s
best-known nongovernmental project in the largescale provision
of sanitation for the urban poor – the Orangi Pilot
Project (OPP). This relationship was primarily aimed at
learning lessons from the ‘OPP experience,’
and in funding projects to replicate this process inside
and outside Pakistan. Five years later, as WaterAid was
to carry out some form of assessment of this funding, it
received a proposal for a broader study on the impact of
the OPP. Wishing to contribute to an independent critical
assessment of the OPP, WaterAid funded the broader study,
from which this abbreviated report is derived.
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city level
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Eaton, Derek & Thea Hilhors (2003) - "Opportunities
for managing solid waste flows in the peri-urban interface
of Bamako and Ouagadougou" - Environment &
Urbanization, Vol 15 No 1 April 2003 - IIED [pdf]
This paper examines the links between solid urban waste
management and peri-urban agriculture in Bamako and Ouagadougou.
Staple crop farmers in the vicinity of both cities value
urban waste as a source of organic matter and are prepared
to pay for it. Cultivation on degraded soils has even been
revived in some cases thanks to this readily available resource.
However, uncertain land tenure means that farmers have little
incentive to ensure the safe disposal of dangerous elements
in solid waste. Current plans would eliminate this recycling
practice and promote large scale composting, but the cost
for farmers will be too high, leaving them with an incentive
to make their own illicit arrangements for acquiring waste
material. Furthermore, small enterprises and associations
that have come to play a complementary and innovative role
in waste management would be forced out. The key challenges
for policy are to build on economic and institutional reality
and to regard urban waste not as a dangerous nuisance but
as a source of nutrients for agriculture. Opportunities
exist to deliver waste that has been sorted, though not
composted, to peri-urban farmers.
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Parkinson, Jonathan & Kevin Tayler(2003) - "Decentralized
wastewater management in peri-urban areas in low-income
countries"- Environment & Urbanization,
Vol 15 No 1, April 2003 - IIED [pdf]
In peri-urban areas in low-income countries, conventional
centralized approaches to wastewater management have generally
failed to address the needs of communities for the collection
and disposal of domestic wastewater and faecal sludges from
on-site sanitation. There are opportunities for implementing
wastewater management systems based on a decentralized approach
that may offer opportunities for wastewater re-use and resource
recovery as well as improvements in local environmental
health conditions. Decentralized approaches may also offer
increased opportunities for local stakeholder participation
in planning and decision-making, and the paper emphasizes
the importance of building the capacity of local organizations
in all aspects of decentralized wastewater management. Using
examples of functioning systems, the paper discusses the
operational sustainability of decentralized technologies
for wastewater management in peri-urban areas and their
associated management requirements. The paper concludes
that a concerted capacity-building effort is required to
overcome the constraints that hinder the implementation
and sustainability of decentralized wastewater systems,
and proposes a framework for achieving this goal.
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Viero, Odete Maria & Andre Passos Cordeiro (n.d) - Public
Interest vs. Profits: The Case of Water Supply and Sewage
in Porto Alegre, Brazil - WaterAid [pdf]
Brazil - Porto Alegre is a progressive
southern Brazilian city with a reputation as a leftist centre
that is substantially succeeding so far in charting that
fine line between market reforms and socialism. In February
2002, around 40,000 activists from all over the world converged
in the city for the week-long World Social Forum (WSF),
the alternative conference to the annual World Economic
Forum of executives of global firms and financial institutions.
The choice of Porto Alegre as the site for this forum is
symbolic. Porto Alegre’s ruling Partido dos Trabalhadores
(Worker’s Party) came to power some 13 years ago when
socialist governments around the world crumbled. They have
so far managed to turn the city to be the exception to the
rule – implementing certain levels of market reforms
while keeping a new form of socialism alive. For instance,
transport, power, water and sanitation services remain essentially
publicly-run. What is remarkable is that the services are
doing well.
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Winarso, Haryo & Michael Mattingly (1999) - Local
Participation in Indonesia's Urban Infrastructure Investment
Programming: Sustainability through Local Government Involvement?
- DPU / DFID [pdf]
Indonesia - A principal objective of Indonesia's
Integrated Urban Infrastructure Development Programme (IUIDP)
was to enhance local government capacity to manage urban
infrastructure investment and construction. It is argued
in the following that the IUIDP has achieved little towards
this end because it has remained a programme of central
government which is still alien to the local governments
who should have adopted it. Local governments have not been
motivated to find the funds for repaying the loans involved
and they continue to treat the IUIDP process as separate
from their traditional budgeting and infrastructure provision
activities. Consequently, the programme has not become sustainable.
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WaterAid (n.d) - Private sector participation in
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - WaterAid [pdf]
Tanzania - For over the past 10 years,
Dar es Salaam’s water supply and sanitation services
have been in a perennial state of crisis. As a result, passions
run high in this city of about 3 million (daytime population:
5 million) whenever the topic is discussed. In the second
half of 2001, WaterAid conducted a research on how residents
of low-income neighbourhoods felt about the problems and
the impending changes being proposed to resolve these problems.
Reactions were varied, but were marked with some extreme
replies. Asked what she thought about the Dar es Salaam
Water and Sewer Authority (DAWASA), one housewife retorted,
"They should all be fired!" Another squinted her
eyes, gave a muffled curse, and then said "I hate them."
These are extreme reactions, and whether fair or not, are
nevertheless reflective of sections of public sentiment
over the city’s failure to decisively deal with the
problems.
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international level
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Bennett, Elizabeth; Peter Grohmann & Brad Gentry (1999)
- Public-Private Partnerships for the Urban Environment,
Options and Issue - PPPUE Working Paper Series Volume
I - UNDP / YALE [pdf]
The rapid concentration of hundreds of millions of people
in urban areas has placed an extraordinary strain on governments
– both national and local – to meet their citizens’
basic needs. Many governments are finding that their existing
water, sanitation, and energy infrastructures are unable
to service their rapidly expanding populations. In addition,
governments realise that their limited financial resources
are not sufficient to cover the needed expansion of these
services. Even where governments do find the resources to
subsidize public utilities, service is often still poor
and sectors of the population largely unserved.
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Bennett, Elizabeth , Seldon James and Peter Grohmann (2000)
- Joint Venture Public - Private Partnerships for Urban
Environmental Services Report on UNDP/PPPUE’s Project
Development Facility (1995 – 1999) - PPPUE
Working Paper Series Volume II - UNDP / YALE [pdf]
In developing countries today, the public sector provides
most water, waste, sanitation, and energy services. Experience
demonstrates, however, that municipalities alone cannot
meet the continually growing demand for services. While
traditional development assistance plays a vital role in
enabling some governments to meet these challenges, it provides
only a fraction of the needed investment. New partnerships
for sustainable growth – sources of financing, technology,
capacity building and management – are urgently needed.
True partnerships between public and private sector organisations
are one of the most promising emerging forms of cooperation.
Through such joint ventures, cities and businesses pool
their resources, expertise, and approaches to solving problems
in order to tackle urban challenges in a sustainable manner.
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Esguerra, Jude (2002) - The Corporate Muddle of Manila's
Water Concessions: How the world's biggest and most successful
privatisation turned into a failure - WaterAid [pdf]
Philippines - When the winning bids were
announced on January 6, 1997, a sense of excitement and
vindication swept through the public officials and consultants
who made it happen. Particularly buoyant was Philippine
President Fidel Ramos. Flushed by the success of a privatisation
program that ended a crippling and economically devastating
power crisis early in his term, Ramos placed his bet that
a similar process would do the same wonders for Metro Manila's
growing water crisis. Now, he had plenty of reasons to be
happy.
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Gutierrez, Eric (2001) - A survey of the theoretical
issues on private sector participation in water and sanitation
- Framework Document - WaterAid [pdf]
This “framework document” maps out the different
arguments and positions on private sector participation
(PSP) in water and sanitation. It examines the different
theoretical issues that have emerged from the PSP debate,
and has been prepared for collaborators and case study writers
on the “Research, Learning and Advocacy Project on
Private Sector Participation (PSP) in Water and Sanitation”
(referred to from hereon as “PSP Research”).
This paper compiles and arranges the issues that may be
able to provide case investigators of the PSP research with
leads to references. It starts with some key definitions
and general comments on the nature of the debate on PSP,
then provides a broad sketch of the history behind the debate.
From thereon, it briefly examines the actual arguments that
have been made, identifying in the process a number of key
players in the
debate. It then ventures briefly into the area of rights
and water. It concludes by showing where WaterAid stands
at the moment in this debate – and the options and
directions it is currently considering.
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weblinks |
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Documents highlighting DFID's published work in support of
partnerships in infrastructure and service delivery
in urban areas:
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Ali,
S. M. & Cotton, A.P. (2000) - Process of Change
in Solid Waste Management: Field notes - WEDC
/ DFID [Intro]
[Text]
These field notes present the findings of a focused
research project in the 'actual processes of change
in low-income countries' carried out as a part of
the Knowledge and Research Programme (KAR) of the
Department for International Development (DFID), UK.
The project (R7143) aims to build capacities of government
and non-government organisations in primary collection
of solid waste. These field notes are written for
organisations and individuals who in one way or another
support the development of solid waste systems in
low-income countries.
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Ali, S. M. & Cotton, A.P. (2001)
- The Sweeping Business-Developing entrepreneurial
skills for the collection of solid waste - WEDC
/ DFID [Intro]
[Text]
This book presents the findings of a Department for
International Development (DFID) funded project (R6540).
It has been written for practitioners, municipal staff,
non-government organizations and students interested
in promoting micro-enterprises for the collection
of solid waste. The project has identified guidelines
based on a thorough understanding of the existing
processes. More than twenty cases were studied in
four cities in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
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Alimuddin,
Salim; Arif Hasan & Asiya Sadiq (n.d) - The
work of the Anjuman Samaji Behbood and the larger
Faisalabad context, Pakistan - IIED Working Paper
7 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas [pdf]
Pakistan - This case study describes
the work of a local NGO, the Anjuman Samaji Behbood
in Faisalabad, which demonstrated the capacity to
support community-built and financed sewers and water
supply distribution lines in the informal settlements
in which most of Faisalabad's population lives. It
also suggests a model whereby provision for water,
sanitation and drainage could be much improved in
the city despite deficiencies in the existing infrastructure
and institutions and the limited availability of local
resources.
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Buttle M.A. & Smith M.D. (1999)
- Out in the Cold: Emergency water supply and
sanitation for cold regions - WEDC / DFID [Intro]
[Text]
During the 1990s, events in the Balkans, countries
of the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan and Northern
Iraq have demonstrated that humanitarian disasters
are not confined to 'the South' but may strike anywhere
in the world. This handbook is designed for aid workers
working in cool temperate or cold regions. It is designed
to provide specific supplementary information that
can be used together with the information given in
more general emergency manuals, details of which are
given inside.
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Franceys, Richard (n.d.) - Private
Sector Participation in the Water and Sanitation Sector
- Private Waters? A Bias Towards the Poor - Occasional
Paper N° 3 - DFID / WEDC / IHE [pdf]
Private Sector Participation is not a panacea to
overcome the common problems of inappropriate technology
demanding unsustainable institutional support for
which consumers are not expected to pay realistic
tariffs. To achieve the benefits of PSP, the different
categories of the ‘private’ sector, from
artisans, NGO’s and small contractors through
leasing contracts to international concessions have
to be effectively matched to the different target
groups of the sector: low-income and middle-income
rural water supply and rural sanitation, secondary
towns, peri-urban and metropolitan water supply and
sanitation.
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Hemson, David & Herbert Batidzirai,
(2002) - Public Private Partnerships and the Poor:
Dolphin Coast Water Concession - WEDC / DFID
Series Editor: M. Sohail [pdf]
South Africa - A variety of public-private
partnerships has been proposed as a solution to the
perceived incapacity of local government to service
the needs of the rural and urban poor. In South Africa
the best known is the BoTT (Build, operate, Train
and Transfer) program, but there are also other forms
including outright divestment, outsourcing, service
contracts, and concessions. Recently two concessions
(one in the Dolphin Coast and the other in Nelspruit)
have received widespread publicity. To date there
has been widespread official advocacy but no evaluation
of these projects. This appear to be the first study
of an operational concession in the context of post-apartheid
South African policies.
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Nickson, Andrew (2001) - The
Córdoba Water Concession in Argentina
- DFID / GHK / University of Birmingham / UNDP [pdf]
Argentina - In April 1997 the Provincial
Government of Córdoba, Argentina signed a 30-year
concession contract with Aguas Cordobesas for the
delivery of water supply within the jurisdiction of
the Municipality of Córdoba. Aguas Cordobesas,
the concessionaire, is a private sector consortium,
headed by the French utility multinational, Suez Lyonnaise
des Eaux, which also acts as manager of the concession
on behalf of the consortium.
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Plummer, Janelle & Richard Slater
(2001) - Just Managing: the Solid Waste Management
Partnership in Biratnagar, Nepal - GHK / DFID
[pdf]
Nepal - The case of Biratnagar
municipal solid waste management provides a multiplicity
of lessons on the opportunities and constraints in
negotiating and operating public private partnerships
at the municipal level. The contract for municipal
solid waste management in the city was initiated at
the instigation of a private company soliciting for
the work. No prior attempts had been made to study
the problems and needs with respect to solid waste
in the city. Without the necessary expertise and without
consultancy support, the Biratnagar Sub-Municipal
Corporation entered into a 10 year contractual agreement
with an US-based company, Americorp Environmental
Services Inc. in 1997.
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Plummer,
Janelle with Godfrey Nhemachena (2001) - Preparing
a Concession: Working towards Private Sector Participation
in Water and Sanitation Services in Gweru, Zimbabwe
- GHK / DFID [pdf]
Zimbabwe - During the mid-nineties
the national policy towards decentralisation in Zimbabwe
opened the door for urban local authorities to re-examine
the manner in which they were fulfilling core functions.
Many municipalities, like Gweru, were still recovering
from financial difficulties created in the post-independence
period and sought mechanisms to ease the strain on
municipal finances. At the same time, and in the light
of the economic structural adjustment programme, a
number of initiatives by the Central Government aimed
to build awareness of the potential of commercialising
municipal operations including private sector participation
in the delivery of
municipal services.
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Rouse,
Jonathan & Mansoor Ali (2001) - Waste Pickers
in Dhaka, Using the sustainable livelihoods approach
- WEDC / DFID [Intro]
[Text1]
[Text2]
Bangladesh - Waste pickers in Dhaka
make their living by selling recyclable items collected
from dumped waste. Most are children living on the
streets or in slums where they have little access
to infrastructure, a low status in society and an
uncertain future. This book is based on a period of
fieldwork in Dhaka which explored their livelihoods
using the DFID Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA).
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Schusterman,
R. et. al. (2002) - Public Private Partnerships
and the Poor: Experiences with water provision in
four low-income barrios in Buenos Aires - WEDC
/ DFID - Series Editor: M. Sohail [pdf]
Argentina - Large private enterprises
are playing a growing role in providing urban water
services (and to a lesser extent sanitation). Many
development assistance agencies, whose principal mandate
is to reduce poverty, have supported this trend. The
concession for water and sanitation services in Buenos
Aires was one of the first of the recent wave of ‘public
private partnerships’, and remains one of the
largest. The experience in Buenos Aires provides numerous
insights into the opportunities for, and obstacles
to harnessing the private sector to provide better
services.
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Sohail,
M & A. P. Cotton (2001) - Public Private Partnerships
and the Poor: Interim findings - WEDC / DFID
-
Part
A (Summary and lessons
learned)
Part
B (Case studies)
The purpose of the project Public Private Partnerships
and the Poor in Water and Sanitation is to determine
workable processes whereby the needs of the poor are
promoted in strategies which encourage public-private
partnerships (PPP) in the provision of water supply
and sanitation services. One of the key objectives
is to fill some of the gaps which exist in evidence-based
reporting of the facts and issues around the impacts
of PPP on poor consumers. |
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