Children in poverty at greater risk of childhood traumas

Academics from UCL’s ESRC International Centre for Lifecourse Studies analysed data taken over two decades from 14,000 women, their children and partners, to explore the connections between commonly investigated adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)*.

The research, published in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, found poverty** was strongly associated with an increased odds of a child reporting ACEs such as being sexually abused, coping with parental separation, or their parents experiencing issues with mental health, drug or alcohol abuse.

With four million UK children already living in poverty and many families experiencing uncertain employment prospects as a result of COVID-19, the team say the impact is only likely to increase.

The academics suggest by better supporting parental mental health in pregnancy and beyond, the effects of a child experiencing other adversities could be greatly reduced.

They explain how poverty – recent experience of homelessness, difficulties in affording food, heat and accommodation – can put pressure on families.

Lead author, Dr Rebecca Lacey (UCL Epidemiology & Public Health) said: “People tend to talk about problems within families, but they haven’t been talking about poverty, which is caused by wider factors. If people can’t afford heating, lighting or have faced homelessness, there’s a direct link with mental health problems and domestic and substance abuse. It’s a really strong predictor of those problems, but is often overlooked.

“We’re saying that the focus should be broader than looking at the family – there are socio-economic factors that affect health.”

Over the past two decades, an increase in research on ACEs has helped to highlight the importance of the early life social environment for life course health.

Children who experience one adversity are much more likely to report another, and each challenge experienced increases the chances of experiencing others.

The latest study has found that poverty is different to many other psychosocial adversities, such as maltreatment and mental health problems, and is in fact an important risk factor for many of these.

The Institute for Fiscal Studies recently reported that relative child poverty increased by three percentage points up to 2018-19 – the most sustained rise since the early 1990s.

In March, charity the Trussell Trust, which supports a UK-wide network of food banks, also reported a 122% increase in food parcels given to children.

Co-author Professor Yvonne Kelly (UCL Epidemiology & Public Health) added: “Now more than ever, this research is hugely relevant. The pandemic has shone a light on schisms in society and this paper is showing the importance of poverty.

“Successive policies have done little to close the gaps and with the number of people being thrown into poverty – people on furlough and with millions of job losses close down the line - we're not seeing child poverty decreasing.

“Domestic violence is increasing, mental health is going through the floor – poverty was a really strong indicator of lots of these ACEs coming together. We just can’t underestimate this - if you don’t pay attention to that then it’s just sticking a plaster on the symptoms without dealing with the actual cause.”

The research was conducted by UCL, the University of Bristol and INSERM, Toulouse. It used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), also known as Children of the 90s, a world-leading birth cohort study based at the University of Bristol.

It was funded by ESRC, MRC and Wellcome.

Links

• Research paper in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence
• Dr Rebecca Lacey's academic profile
• Professor Yvonne Kelly's academic profile
• ESRC International Centre For Lifecourse Studies in Society and Health
• UCL Epidemiology & Public Health

* Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) could include: parental separation/divorce, death of a close family member (parent or sibling), parental convictions, parental drug use, parental alcohol misuse, parental mental health problems, inter-parental violence, physical abuse (parent-child), emotional abuse (parent-child), or sexual abuse (older child/adult-child).

** To measure poverty, researchers focused on material conditions rather than income measures as family income was not available until 21 months of age. Poverty was indicated by whether a child’s parents reported difficulties in affording food, heating or accommodation, or had recently been homeless at any point whilst pregnant. Any parent reporting any of these four difficulties was ascertained to be ‘in poverty’ during pregnancy.

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Myriam Zilles / Pixabay

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Sophie Vinter

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