School not key factor in rising levels of poor mental health in teenagers

Published in the British Educational Research Journal, the study provides one of the most detailed investigations into the link between mental health and school year, and finds mental ill-health is particularly prevalent among girls during secondary education.

For the study, researchers analysed the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), which collects anonymised patient data from GP practices across the UK, and includes contacts made with primary and secondary healthcare providers.

The CRPD was used to compare three cohorts of students, in Years 9, 10, 11.   

The findings show that mental health problems – as measured by contact with primary (e.g GPs) and secondary (e.g hospitals) health care providers are rare throughout primary school, but then increase rapidly during secondary education, becoming twice as common among girls (around 10 cases per 1,000 children per month) than boys (around 3 or 4 cases per 1,000 children per month). 

Lead author, Professor John Jerrim (UCL Social Research Institute) said: “The wellbeing of young people has become an important education policy issue, with suggestions that mental health problems amongst young people have increased in recent years, and that school may play a large role in that.”

A particularly difficult empirical challenge is separating out the effects of school year group from the effects of age. For instance, if young people are more likely to suffer mental ill-health at a particular age (e.g. due to biological factors) this could lead one to overstate the effect that a specific school year (e.g. Year 11) has upon such problems.

This paper attempts to take the first steps towards resolving such issues. It does this by comparing summer-born children in one school year group to autumn-born children in the school year below. These children are very similar in terms of age but differ in their school year group at any given point in time.

He added: “Our study suggests that whether you are the oldest or youngest in your year, your risk of mental health rises at roughly the same rate based on your age. So, although experiences at school are thought to be a key factor contributing to mental ill-health amongst adolescents, we found that age is the key factor which accounts for an increase in mental health problems, not because of pupils being in a particular school year group per se.”

The paper found that at the point of secondary school entry, the mental ill-health case rate is around one or two cases per 1,000 children per month. The data then showed that there is a big upturn in mental health problems, increasing from around one or two per 1,000 per month at the start of Year 7 to around six or seven cases per 1,000 per month by Year 11.

For boys, there is little evidence of much increase until the latter stages of secondary education, reaching around three to four cases per 1,000 per month by Year 11. Among girls, from the start of Year 8 onwards, there is clear evidence of an upward trajectory in mental health problems, with the number of cases increasing sharply. By the end of secondary school (Year 11), the mental health case rate for girls is more than double that for boys peaking at nearly ten cases per 1,000 per month.

Professor Jerrim explained: “There are several possible explanations for this finding. For instance, girls maybe more likely to suffer mental health problems related to biological and hormonal factors during secondary school than boys. Alternatively, boys may be less likely to seek help for mental health problems and have them diagnosed or treated compared to girls.

“Overall, our findings challenge discussion around how academic pressures on young people can lead to poorer mental health. The research also suggests that a stronger evidence base surrounding the role of schooling and how this is linked to the growth in mental health problems during adolescence is needed.”

Professor Jerrim highlighted that one of the strengths of the study is the robust and longitudinal nature of the data. However, one of the limitations may be because there is a potential lag between the onset of mental health problems and when young people might seek help, meaning problems may occur earlier than the data suggests.

This research was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).

Links

• Professor John Jerrim's academic profile
• UCL Institute of Education
• UCL Social Research Institute
• Original research in British Education Research Association 

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